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Sexual cannibalism
Sexual cannibalism is when a female cannibalizes her mate prior to, during, or after copulation.〔Polis, G.A. & Farley, R.D. Behavior and Ecology of Mating in the journal of Arachnology 33-46 (1979).〕 It is a phenomenon characterized primarily by members of arachnid orders as well as several insect orders.〔Buskirk, R. E., Frohlich, C. & Ross, K. G. The Natural Selection of Sexual Cannibalism. The American naturalist 123, 612-625 (1984).〕 The adaptive foraging hypothesis,〔Blamires, S.J. Nutritional implications for sexual cannibalism in a sexually dimorphic orb web spider. Austral Ecology 36, 389-394 (2011).〕 aggressive spillover hypothesis〔Arnqvist, G. Courtship behaviour and sexual cannibalism in the semi-aquatic fishing spider, DOLOMEDES FIMBRIATUS (CLERCK) (ARANEAE: PISAURIDAE).pdf. The journal of Arachnology 20, 222-226 (1992).〕 and mistaken identity hypothesis〔Gould, S. Only his wings remained. Natural History 93, 10-18 (1984).〕 are several hypotheses that have been proposed to explain how sexual cannibalism evolved. This behavior is believed to have evolved as a manifestation of sexual conflict, occurring when the reproductive interests of males and females differ.〔Sexual conflict. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 18, 41–47 (2003)〕 In many species that exhibit sexual cannibalism, the female consumes the male upon detection. Females of cannibalistic species are generally hostile and unwilling to mate; thus many males of these species have developed adaptive behaviors to counteract female aggression.〔Mate binding: male adaptation to sexual conflict in the golden orb-web spider (Nephilidae: Nephila pilipes). Animal Behaviour 82, 1299–1304 (2011)〕〔Safer sex with feeding females: sexual conflict in a cannibalistic spider. Behavioral Ecology 16, 377–382 (2004)〕
==Prevalence==
Sexual cannibalism is common among insects, arachnids〔Polis, G.A. The evolution and dynamics of intraspecific +4193 predation. Annual Reviews Ecological Systems 51, 225-251 (1981).〕 and amphipods.〔 There is also evidence of sexual cannibalism in gastropods and copepods.〔Bilde, T., Tuni, C., Elsayed, R., Pekár, S. & Toft, S. Death feigning in the face of sexual cannibalism. Biology letters 2, 23-5 (2006).〕 Sexual cannibalism is common among species with prominent sexual size dimorphism (SSD); extreme SSD likely drove the evolution of sexual cannibalism in spiders.〔Wilder, S.M. & Rypstra, A.L. Sexual size dimorphism predicts the frequency of sexual cannibalism within and among species of spiders. The American naturalist 172, 431-40 (2008).〕
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